Violence Through The Eyes Of Hannah Arendt Philosophy Essay

Violence Through The Eyes Of Hannah Arendt Philosophy Essay In this essay I will try to the best of my understanding to evaluate and critically analyse subject of violence through the eyes of Hannah Arendt. The title of the book is called On Violence and has been written by Hannah Ardent and published in 1969. In this book Hannah Ardent tries explaining the subject of violence in a historical context and questions the nature of its use. She also re-examines the relationships between politics, war, violence and power and uses other theorists to differentiate her point. My purpose in writing this, is to critically analyse chapter 2 from this book in order to understand how successful the authors argument is and how effective are the example she use to prove her argument. I will then finally identify any examples that disprove of the authors argument and provide my own understanding of political concepts. How successful is the authors argument? The historical background of the essay was depressing and chaotic in all domains: in the international arena it was the clash between West and East, North and South, in internal politics, and even on the level of personal life, this is when she has lost her husband. What makes her essay so outstanding and even classical, in the sense of both timeless and timely, is her vigorous defence of politics against its simplistic and increasingly prevalent equation with violence. Without supporting a radical form of pacifism, Arendts text sought to justify the integrity of politics, construed as concerted action or shared exercise of public power, in the face of a growing fascination with violence and the progressive colonization of public life by violent strategies and ideologies. Hannah Arendt in chapter two tries to define what she sees as the key concepts that must be understood for the construction of any theory of violence.  Ã‚  Concepts such as power, authority, force, legitimacy and explains and defines power, violence, authority, force, strength and clarifies their relationships with one another. The author evaluates these concepts and provides examples to enhance understanding of the subject to illustrate her point. Her approach will be understood by most social scientists, that you cannot describe reality correctly if your linguists are faulty.  Ã‚   She says that it is A rather sad reflection on the present state of political science that our terminology does not distinguish among such key concepts. Arendt identifies and acknowledges the enormous role violence has always played in human affairs.  Ã‚   According to Arendts argument there is a great shortage of real critical analysis on the role and function of violence in human society no one engaged in thought about history and politics can remain unaware of the enormous role violence has played in human affairs, and it is at first glance rather surprising that violence has been singled our so seldom for special consideration She attempts to identify the connections if any between these theories of violence and what she calls the suicidal development of modern weapons that have become central to the arsenals of violence produced by governments in the post war world. As Arendt sets her analysis of violence within the tradition of the enlightenment the means-ends and cause-effect debate pose one of the central paradoxes for her. All the authorities that she quotes have strong opinions on the question of violence and its role and function in society.  Ã‚   Arendt argues that there is a general consensus that Violence is nothing more than the most flagrant manifestation of power.  Ã‚   She quotes Max Webers definition of the state as the Rule of men over men based on legitimate that is allegedly legitimate violence. Arendt does not agree with such a consensus because she says that to accept such a consensus you would have to Equate political power with the organization of violence and this only makes sense if you follow Marxs estimate of the state as an instrument of oppression in the hands of the ruling classes. She believes that no government exclusively based on the means of violence has ever existed or ever existed for more than a very short period.   The crucial reason for this according to Arendt is that in the Power Violence relationship there is a fundamental ascendancy of power over violence.  Ã‚   Governments in order to exist need power but they do not necessarily need violence.   She believes that power needs no justification but its needs legitimacy.  Ã‚  Ã‚   While violence can destroy power it can not create power.   Arendt believes that Power and Violence are opposites and where one rules absolutely the other is absent.  Ã‚   Rule by violence comes into play only when power is being lost.  Ã‚  Ã‚   A short definition that Arendt refers too is that power equals institutionalized force and that violence is a manifestation of power. phenomenologicallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is close to strength, since the implements of violence, like all other tools, are designed and used for the purpose of multiplying natural strength until, in the last stage of their development, they can substitute for it This analyzes the implications for modern governments modern peoples on the significance of civil obedience and consent we have to decide whether and in what sense power can be distinguished from force to ascertain how the fact of using force according to law changes the quality of law itself and presents us with an entirely different picture of human relations How effective are the examples they use to prove their argument? Hannah Arendt argue that it is insufficient to say power and violence are not the same and believes that they are opposites Power and violence are opposites and not the same as where the one rules the upmost and the other is absent. The author uses Alexander Passerin dEntreves opinion in order to prove her point. Passerin visualises violence as the most fragrant manifestation of power. This is what the author of the book The Notion of the state illustrates, we have to decide whether and in what sense power can be distinguished from force to ascertain how the fact of using force according to law changes the quality of law itself and presents us with an entirely different picture of human relations What counter-examples can you identify that disprove the authors argument? (you must properly reference your sources. Atleast two alternative sources must be identified. Foucault truth and power From completing this task what have you learnt about the particular political concept? It is clearly seen that Ardent believes that to exercise power people need to gather together and act in a group. As she says: Power  corresponds to the human ability not just to act but to act in concert. Power is never the property of an individual; it belongs to a group and remains in existence only so long as the group keeps together.   Ardent believes that power does not belong to single man but it springs up whenever people act in concert. Her concept of a power as a property of a group sounds interesting but is not practical. . Violence, she writes, can always destroy power. Out of the barrel of a gun grows the most effective command, resulting in the most instant and perfect obedience. What never can grow out of it [violence] is power. [For example, violence and threat of violence by the emperors Caligula and Nero did not enhance their power. It diminished their power.] Arendt writes that In a head-on clash between violence and power, the outcome is hardly in doubt   as in a military against collective non-violent resistance (power). But, she adds, Nowhere is the self-defeating factor in the victory of violence over power more evident than in the use of terror to maintain domination, about whose weird successes and eventual failures we know perhaps more than any generation before us. Violence, she sums up, can destroy power; it is utterly incapable of creating it. Writing at the end of the 1960s, Arendt was critical of the advocacy of violence by blacks critical of Martin Luther Kings non-violent movement, and she took issue with the advocacy of

Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essays -- Charles Dickens Great Ex

Charles Dickens' Great Expectations â€Å"Great Expectations† is set in early Victorian England and was written by Charles Dickens in 1860. It is written as a first-person narrative with Pip as an older man telling his life’s story. I will be looking at how his extremely strict upbringing affected how he behaved in later life. The title â€Å"Great Expectations† shows an indication of the change in Pips fortunes throughout the story; from a poor family living in the country with a trade of being a blacksmith, to living a luxurious life as a Gentleman in London. The period of the novel was a time of change as England was expanding worldwide and becoming a wealthy world power. The economy was changing from mainly agricultural to industrial. It was a time when there was a very wide gap between the rich and the poor as the rich enjoyed great privileges and the poor led a life near to slavery. The novel provides an insight into both country life and city life where the only advantages that the poor have in the countryside is a clean environment. The book begins with Pip meeting a runaway convict in the graveyard where his mother, father and younger brothers are buried on the marshes. The convict threatens Pip and terrifies him in order to get help from him. At first he says, â€Å"Keep still, you little devil, or I’ll cut your throat!† and this frightens Pip as he describes him as â€Å"fearful†. Pip then pleads with the convict and says â€Å"Oh! Don’t cut my throat, sir.† â€Å"Pray don’t do it, sir.† which conveys to the reader that Pip is very afraid of him. The convict treats Pip in this violent manner because in the Victorian era prisoners were kept in rotten hulks in Nepoleonic wars and treated worse than animals. This explains... ... Miss Havisham has a strong impact on Pip’s adult life too because she leads him to believe that she is the one who is providing him with an income for his new life in London. Her attitude towards Pip is based on her hatred of men as a result of being jilted on her wedding day. Pip even calls her â€Å"the fairy godmother who has changed me† as he assumes that all his good fortune is as a result of Miss Havisham’s generosity. It is only when it is too late however, that Miss Havisham realises what she has done to Pip and how cruel she has been to him. She regrets taking out her anger of men towards Pip and using Estella to break his heart. In conclusion, there are many characters within the novel who have an impact on Pip’s journey to adulthood and the story illustrates how both good and bad influences and experiences affected the person that Pip became. Charles Dickens' Great Expectations Essays -- Charles Dickens Great Ex Charles Dickens' Great Expectations â€Å"Great Expectations† is set in early Victorian England and was written by Charles Dickens in 1860. It is written as a first-person narrative with Pip as an older man telling his life’s story. I will be looking at how his extremely strict upbringing affected how he behaved in later life. The title â€Å"Great Expectations† shows an indication of the change in Pips fortunes throughout the story; from a poor family living in the country with a trade of being a blacksmith, to living a luxurious life as a Gentleman in London. The period of the novel was a time of change as England was expanding worldwide and becoming a wealthy world power. The economy was changing from mainly agricultural to industrial. It was a time when there was a very wide gap between the rich and the poor as the rich enjoyed great privileges and the poor led a life near to slavery. The novel provides an insight into both country life and city life where the only advantages that the poor have in the countryside is a clean environment. The book begins with Pip meeting a runaway convict in the graveyard where his mother, father and younger brothers are buried on the marshes. The convict threatens Pip and terrifies him in order to get help from him. At first he says, â€Å"Keep still, you little devil, or I’ll cut your throat!† and this frightens Pip as he describes him as â€Å"fearful†. Pip then pleads with the convict and says â€Å"Oh! Don’t cut my throat, sir.† â€Å"Pray don’t do it, sir.† which conveys to the reader that Pip is very afraid of him. The convict treats Pip in this violent manner because in the Victorian era prisoners were kept in rotten hulks in Nepoleonic wars and treated worse than animals. This explains... ... Miss Havisham has a strong impact on Pip’s adult life too because she leads him to believe that she is the one who is providing him with an income for his new life in London. Her attitude towards Pip is based on her hatred of men as a result of being jilted on her wedding day. Pip even calls her â€Å"the fairy godmother who has changed me† as he assumes that all his good fortune is as a result of Miss Havisham’s generosity. It is only when it is too late however, that Miss Havisham realises what she has done to Pip and how cruel she has been to him. She regrets taking out her anger of men towards Pip and using Estella to break his heart. In conclusion, there are many characters within the novel who have an impact on Pip’s journey to adulthood and the story illustrates how both good and bad influences and experiences affected the person that Pip became.

Kafka’s Metamorphosis and Darwinian Theory

Reading Franz Kafka’s â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, one is inclined to think that perhaps the writer had Darwin in mind when he wrote the story. The story centers on the transformation of its protagonist, Gregor Samsa, and his family’s journey of survival through it. At the heart of the story resounds Darwin’s theory of the evolution of the species – that organisms change and evolve in order to survive, that the ultimate game is the survival of the fittest.Gregor’s transformation precipitated two struggles to survive – his own as a giant bug, and his family’s. It could be that Kafka was thinking along the lines of the essential Darwinian concepts – organisms change to cope, and that organisms adapt to the changes in their environment in order to survive. In the story, Gregor wakes up as a giant bug without his knowing or ever finding out the reason for his transformation. He was a traveling salesman, and was the familyâ€℠¢s breadwinner – he takes care of his aging parents and younger sister, pays off his father’s debts on top of addressing the family’s needs like rent and groceries.He was dissatisfied with his work but he is forced to keep at it to support his family. He dreams of eventually finding a better job as soon as he pays off his father’s debts. He devotes much of his time working sacrificing his own needs and desires, having no time to pursue his own interests or to foster any lasting or satisfying relationships. Perhaps his transformation was subconsciously desired – that Gregor wanted more than what his current life offered, and it was his subconscious’ way to show what he felt inside – him, a human being treated like an insect, dehumanized by the demands of work and family life, struggling to keep a bit of humanity he still has left. As in Darwin’s theory, it is not that organisms transformed themselves in an instant, but rather re alized their needs and wants and developed the means to achieve those.Whatever the reasons behind Gregor’s transformation, what is clear is that Gregor and his family both struggled to live after it happened. Gregor, having accepted the fact that his body has changed and that in order to move about he will have to get used to it, worked at moving his limbs to walk and move around. It was difficult to move around with new body, but he managed to learn how to, he needed to. Further, he and his family learned that with his new form, he could no longer eat the food that he used to enjoy, and that his dietary needs have changed. Whereas when he was human he wanted fresh foods, now he finds out that he is repulsed by it and can only eat rotting left-overs.The family, too, struggled with Gregor’s transformation. First, they cannot bear to see him as an insect, and more than that, they were worried about their financial situation. Although in Gregor’s eyes the father wa s but an old man who has not worked for five years and is entitled to a retirement of leisure, and his mother a frail woman who has asthma, and his younger sister a thing of beauty whose life has been so protected and pampered, and perhaps the family saw themselves the same way, but nevertheless, under their present circumstances they found it in them to fend for themselves.The father found work as a bank messenger, the mother sewed lingerie for an apparel shop, and the sister became a salesgirl and studied French and shorthand to find a better paying job in the future. Moreover, they also took in boarders to increase their income. They found that they could survive by themselves when they had to, that they did not really need Gregor – they adapted to the situation in order to live.In the end, Kafka’s The Metamorphosis is a story that chronicles man’s means and ways of survival, as he has done so all throughout history transforming into what he is today. In a wa y, it could be seen as a tribute to the principles that Drawin espoused in his theory of the evolution of species – that organisms, man above all, will adapt just to live, and that only those who are the fittest will survive.

Word Choice Stationary vs. Stationery - Proofeds Writing Tips

Word Choice Stationary vs. Stationery - Proofeds Writing Tips Word Choice: Stationary vs. Stationery What do you call a pencil that can’t move? Stationary stationery! If you didn’t find that hilarious, we assume it must be because you’re not sure about the difference between â€Å"stationary† and â€Å"stationery† (we refuse to accept that our puns are inherently unfunny). Why arent you laughing? Is this thing on?(Photo: flickr/Benjamin Ragheb) More seriously, the terms â€Å"stationary† and â€Å"stationery† are commonly confused due to looking so similar on paper. However, since they also refer to completely different things, you need to use them correctly if you’re writing for college or work. Stationary (Not Moving) â€Å"Stationary† is an adjective meaning â€Å"immobile† or â€Å"not moving.† If you’ve ever been to a spinning class at a gym, for example, you’ll have ridden a â€Å"stationary bicycle.† Spinner 1: Are we nearly there yet?Spinner 2: Just shut up and pedal. It can also be used to describe something that can move, but isn’t currently: The driver collided with a stationary vehicle, but nobody was hurt. Another use of â€Å"stationary† is to describe an unchanging condition or quantity, such as in: A stationary population can enhance social stability. In either case, â€Å"stationary† refers to something that doesn’t move. Stationery (Office Materials) The noun â€Å"stationery† refers to office supplies, particularly paper and other writing equipment: We’re running low on stationery, so I’ve ordered paper and toner. It can also be used as an adjective when describing something related to stationery, such as a â€Å"stationery set† (a set of writing equipment) or a â€Å"stationery store† (a shop that sells stationery). Technically, the coffee doesnt count as stationery, even if most office workers would stop functioning without it. Stationary or Stationery? Since one of these terms is spelled with â€Å"-ar-† and the other with â€Å"-er-,† the key thing is remembering which is which. Luckily, this is made easier by the fact that â€Å"paper† is spelled with an â€Å"-er† at the end, as well as being an important office supply: Paper is a type of stationery. As such, if you’re describing something that, like paper, can be found in an office, the correct term will typically be â€Å"stationery.† Otherwise, the right word will be â€Å"stationary.† Remember: Stationary = Not moving Stationery = Office supplies

Missing Information in Chicago Authorâ€Date Referencing

Missing Information in Chicago Author–Date Referencing Missing Information in Chicago Author–Date Referencing Do you feel like something is missing from your life? Well, if what you’re missing is source information for a college paper, you’re in the right place! That’s because, in this post, we’re looking at how to handle missing information in Chicago author–date referencing. No Named Author Finding that a source doesn’t have a named author is a common problem. The best response is usually to cite an organizational author. For example, if we were citing a UNICEF report without a named author in Chicago author–date referencing, we could write: Recent campaigns have been more successful (UNICEF 2017). You would then use the organization name in the reference list at the end of the document, too. However, if there is no suitable organizational author to cite, the Chicago Manual of Style recommends using the source title instead. If the title is too long, though, you may want to shorten it in citations: In-Text Citation The organization has been criticized (â€Å"Problems with Planning†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2015). Reference List Entry â€Å"Problems with Planning for a Sustainable Future on an International Scale.† 2015. Accessed 28 August, 2018. https://medium.com/story/problems-planning-sustainable-future-international-scale-44a21e9c531 The title is in quote marks here because it is an article. However, the correct formatting depends on the source type (e.g., italics for a book title). No Year of Publication When a source does not specify a year of publication, use the abbreviation â€Å"n.d.† after a comma: The public was canvassed for solutions (Jackson, n.d.). This stands for â€Å"no date.† You should also use â€Å"n.d.† in the reference list entry for the source at the end of your document. However, â€Å"n.d.† is only used for an online source when it doesn’t have either: A date of publication Or a date for when the page was last updated If either of these are available, use them instead. Remember to check the web page carefully, too, as this information will not always be easy to spot. No Place of Publication or Publisher In a Chicago reference list, you should list books with a place of publication and publisher. But if you cannot find either of these details, you can use the abbreviation â€Å"n.p.† instead. This is short for either â€Å"no place† or â€Å"no publisher† depending on how it is used. You could use other Latin abbreviations to avoid this ambiguity: e.g., â€Å"s.l.† and â€Å"s.n.,† which stand for sine loco (without a place of publication) and sine nomine (without a named publisher) respectively. However, the Chicago Manual of Style says that â€Å"n.p.† is more likely to be understood in English-language publications. You should therefore use this unless instructed otherwise. Summary: Missing Information in Chicago Referencing Chicago referencing indicates missing information as follows: No author = Use the source title instead No year of publication = Use the abbreviation â€Å"n.d.† No place of publication = Use the abbreviation â€Å"n.p.† No publisher = Use the abbreviation â€Å"n.p.† However, remember to check before using these options. The information will be available somewhere in most cases, even if it is not immediately easy to see. And if you need help checking your referencing, get in touch today.

Leadership models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership models - Essay Example In this regard, the paper will endeavor to identify and analyze different characteristics of change models, and will attempt to discuss its advantages and drawbacks as well. In any organization, commitment plays a significant and decisive role in the success of any change process. However, studies indicated that organizations and business experts were unable to give importance to the notion of commitment that is an imperative component in the process. For such purpose, the identified change model has attempted to provide an illustration of the process of creation of commitment. Specifically, this model has provided three phases that are responsible for the development of commitment, and may have a significant impact on any change process in the organization (Burke, 2007). This model suggests that support is very crucial for any change, and thus, the first phase of ‘Inform’ focuses on the formation of basis for expansion of essential support. In specific, inform phase put efforts by providing awareness to individuals that is necessary for alteration in their behavior, a step that allows positive change in the organization. After some awareness, this model brings individuals and organizations into ‘Educate’ phase that involves recognition of the change and its effect that will create an environment encouraging individual decisions in the organization. Thus, advocates of this model argue that it is very imperative for employers to present a positive and efficient outcome of the change that will facilitate all the stakeholders to take their decision in favor of the change during this phase. After stages of information and education, the model has suggested the last phase of ‘commit’ that begins the implementation of change in the organization. In other words, the first two stages are the preparatory phases and the third one can be termed as executive phase (Burke, 2007). In brief, one of the advantages of this system is

Examining Insurance Policies Part 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Examining Insurance Policies Part 3 - Essay Example Premises medical coverage is intended on paying for minor injuries, which might happen in individual’s airport facility. The coverage helps in avoidance of litigation for minor claims (Diederiks-Verschoor and Butler 247). The coverage would help Mike’s students incase an injury occurs during the training. The limits of the medical coverage range from 1000 to 5000 US dollars individually. Products and completed operations policy offer liability protection for property damage and bodily injury which arises after selling the aviation products or services that the organization offers. The policy only covers when an accident occurs while delivering a product or service by another person (Diederiks-Verschoor and Butler 252). Hangar-keeper liability covers any damage to an aircraft if it is not fully owned or leased to you and while the aircraft is under your care, control and custody, mostly likely when servicing for maintenance, storing or fueling. The cover pays for all damages that a person is legally responsible. Off-Premise’s liability extends from Premises Coverage that includes other necessary or incidental locations to one’s operation. In-Flight Hangar-keepers is an extension of Hangar-keepers liability covering for damage to non-leased or non-owned aircrafts flown by any other pilot (Grothaus 20). Personal injury coverage pays for legal defense any owner of an aircraft sued for damages for injuries that arise from false arrest, imprisonment or detention, slander or libel, malicious prosecution, wrongful entry or invasion to an insured person (Grothaus 25). Fire legal liability covers for legally responsible damages to the buildings leased or rented on the insured airport premises caused by fire. Professional liability covers the protection for bodily injury that arises from an omission or error committed on giving of flight instruction, which may result to an accident at a